Net Radiation

                                        Net Radiation 

Earth's net radiation, sometimes called net flux, is the balance between incoming and outgoing energy at the top of the atmosphere. It is the total energy that is available to influence the climate. Energy comes in to the system when sunlight penetrates the top of the atmosphere.

        

                      

SSNR plays a key role in the exchange of energy and matter between the surface and the atmosphere. Shortwave radiation absorbed by the Earth's surface will be used for land or ocean heating, evapotranspiration, or transferred to the atmosphere through turbulent heat exchange.

 

Net Radiation in Water: 

The radiation absorbed is used to change temperature. The radiation can evaporate water. When water exists on a surface, solar radiation can add energy to the water molecules.

Water Cycle

                                      Water Cycle 

The water cycle describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. ... The cycling of water in and out of the atmosphere is a significant aspect of the weather patterns on Earth.

                       

Stages of water cycle : 

             

• Step 1: Evaporation. 

• Step 2: Condensation
• Step 3: Sublimation
• Step 4: Precipitation
• Step 5: Transpiration 
• Step 6: Runoff
• Step 7: Infiltration.

It is the greatest recycler of all time! There are four main stages in the water cycle. They are evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection. ... Collection: This is when water that falls from the clouds as rain, snow, hail or sleet, collects in the oceans, rivers, lakes, streams.

                   

Condensation

                              Condensation 

Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle .

                               

          

Cycle  of  condensation : 

                     Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. ... These clouds may produce precipitation, which is the primary route for water to return to the Earth's surface within the water cycle. Condensation is the opposite of evaporation .

         

             

                 

In condensation, matter changes from a gas to a liquid. All matter is made of tiny moving particles called molecules. Evaporation and condensation happen when these molecules gain or lose energy. This energy exists in the form of heat .

Example of condensation : 

Common examples of condensation are: dew forming on grass in the early morning, eye glasses fogging up when you enter a warm building on a cold winter day, or water drops forming on a glass holding a cold drink on a hot summer day. Condensation occurs when water droplets form due to cooling air.

 

                          

                                      

Evaporation

                                     Evaporation

Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the evaporating substance. When the molecules of the liquid collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they collide with each other.

               

                                    

Process of evaporation ; 

                                     Evaporation happens when a liquid substance becomes a gas. When water is heated, it evaporates. The molecules move and vibrate so quickly that they escape into the atmosphere as molecules of water vapor. ... Heat from the sun, or solar energy, powers the evaporation process.

What can evaporate ? 

                                                            

Some examples of liquids that can evaporate at room temperature are alcohol, gasoline and water. Evaporation is the process when molecules from liquid pass to the atmosphere as gas without reaching the boiling point.

What is evaporation rate ?

               An evaporation rate is the rate at which a material will vaporize (evaporate, change from liquid to vapor) compared to the rate of vaporization of a specific known material. This quantity is a ratio, therefore it is unitless.

the vaporization (evaporation) rate equals the product of the gas's mass transfer coefficient, the estuary's surface area, and the contaminant concentration in water. Thus, for our contaminant, the evaporation rate = (0.24 m per day)(day 24 h⁻¹)(2 × 10⁶ m²)(0.81 C_W) = 16,200 C_W g h⁻¹ 

Moisture in Atmosphere

                                       Moisture 

Moisture is the presence of a liquid, especially water, often in trace amounts. Small amounts of water may be found, for example, in the air, in foods, and in various commercial products. Moisture also refers to the amount of water vapour present in the air.

                                         

 Moisture, or water vapour, is an extremely important constituent of the atmosphere. ... A cloud will form when air is cooled sufficiently to reach its condensation point. Cooling usually takes place through the rising of air. If the air is humid, air will soon reach the condensation level and clouds will form .

How much moisture is in the atmosphere? 

The water-vapour content of the atmosphere varies from place to place and from time to time because the humidity capacity of air is determined by temperature. At 30 °C (86 °F), for example, a volume of air can contain up to 4 percent water vapour. At -40 °C (-40 °F), however, it can hold no more than 0.2 percent.

                        

Lithosphere

                            Lithosphere 

A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater.

 

The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth’s structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere (another part of the upper mantle) below.

Although the rocks of the lithosphere are still considered elastic, they are not viscous. The asthenosphere is viscous, and the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is the point where geologists and rheologists—scientists who study the flow of matter—mark the difference in ductility between the two layers of the upper mantle. Ductility measures a solid material’s ability to deform or stretch under stress. The lithosphere is far less ductile than the asthenosphere.

There are two types of lithosphere: oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere is associated with oceanic crust, and is slightly denser than continental lithosphere.

Plate Tectonics

The most well-known feature associated with Earth’s lithosphere is tectonic activity. Tectonic activity describes the interaction of the huge slabs of lithosphere called tectonic plates.

The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates including the North American, Caribbean, South American, Scotia, Antarctic, Eurasian, Arabian, African, Indian, Philippine, Australian, Pacific, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, and Nazca.

Most tectonic activity takes place at the boundaries of these plates, where they may collide, tear apart, or slide against each other. The movement of tectonic plates is made possible by thermal energy (heat) from the mantle part of the lithosphere. Thermal energy makes the rocks of the lithosphere more elastic.

Tectonic activity is responsible for some of Earth's most dramatic geologic events: earthquakes, volcanoes, orogeny (mountain-building), and deep ocean trenches can all be formed by tectonic activity in the lithosphere. 

Tectonic activity can shape the lithosphere itself: Both oceanic and continental lithospheres are thinnest at rift valleys and ocean ridges, where tectonic plates are shifting apart from one another.

How the Lithosphere Interacts with Other Spheres

The cool, brittle lithosphere is just one of five great “spheres” that shape the environment of Earth. The other spheres are the biosphere (Earth’s living things); the cryosphere (Earth’s frozen regions, including both ice and frozen soil); the hydrosphere (Earth’s liquid water); and the atmosphere (the air surrounding our planet). These spheres interact to influence such diverse elements as ocean salinity, biodiversity, and landscape.

For instance, the pedosphere is part of the lithosphere made of soil and dirt. The pedosphere is created by the interaction of the lithosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Enormous, hard rocks of the lithosphere may be ground down to powder by the powerful movement of a glacier (cyrosphere). Weathering and erosion caused by wind (atmosphere) or rain (hydrosphere) may also wear down rocks in the lithosphere. The organic components of the biosphere, including plant and animal remains, mix with these eroded rocks to create fertile soil—the pedosphere.

The lithosphere also interacts with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere to influence temperature differences on Earth. Tall mountains, for example, often have dramatically lower temperatures than valleys or hills. The mountain range of the lithosphere is interacting with the lower air pressure of the atmosphere and the snowy precipitation of the hydrosphere to create a cool or even icy climate zone. A region’s climate zone, in turn, influences adaptations necessary for organisms of the region’s biosphere.

Extra terrestial lithosphere :

All terrestrial planets have lithospheres. The lithospheres of Mercury, Venus, and Mars are much thicker and more rigid than Earth's.

Agriculture

                                  Agriculture 

Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago.

                                                  

Importance of Agriculture : 

                          

Agriculture is an important source of livelihood in most parts of the world.

It involves tough work but it contributes to food security and health of the nation.

Before the industrial revolution, agriculture was the primary source of economy.

In spite of many commercial options coming up, many rely on agriculture for their income.

Agriculture is a nature-friendly and most peaceful method of livelihood.

It is a very reliable source of livelihood for mankind and also one of the honest sources of incomes. Many people from developing nations rely on agriculture for livelihood.

Some people involved in other business or jobs still have agriculture as a side business.

Agriculture does not limit to cultivation and farming alone. It also extends to dairy, poultry, fisheries, sericulture , beekeeping (honey insects), etc.

Importance of agriculture in food supply : 

Agriculture is the primary source of food products all over the world. All the major food substances viz. carbohydrates, proteins and oils are produced by agriculture.

The Carbohydrates supply energy to all living beings. These are obtained in the form of grains like rice, wheat and also potatoes growing in farms.

Proteins are useful to build our body. They are supplied as grams and other leguminous products obtained through agriculture. These products include beans, pulses like black gram, Bengal gram, green gram, etc.

Other sources of protein like meat, fish and diary also rely on agriculture. Protein from vegetarian sources are cheap and also healthy without chances of infections. So people rely on agriculture protein for their daily needs.

for clothing : 

Agriculture is the largest source of cloth material. This clothing material is obtained from cotton. This cotton is also used for making jeans, bedding material, etc.

Further, jute and other fibers are used to make gunny bags.

Though chemical polymer materials are used to make clothes. Fiber from agriculture meets the large demand for clothing. Further, they are safe for use and disposal is nature-friendly.

Besides farm animals like sheep and cattle are beneficial.sheep ’s hair is wool which is used to produce sweaters and warm clothing. While cattle skin is used to produce leather which is used to produce belts, wallets, etc.

Silk is another type of industry wherein silkworm or insects are grown to collect silk. This silk yields very fine cloth and is expensive.

in employment : 

In rural areas, agriculture is one of the biggest sources of employment. The employment can be

Direct: Agriculture provides direct employment for farmers, daily wage workers. Further, as a technician for farm machines like tractors, harvester, farm cutting machines, etc.

Indirect: Even there is scope for indirect employment. As scientists in seed production, farm machine manufacture, pesticide and fertilizer manufacture (nitrogen ). There is also scope in academics for teaching and scientist jobs.

It is not only the scope of a job for men but also for women. As per 2012 data, 1 million women work for agriculture in the united states. This contributes to $12.9 billion in agricultural sales as per USDA.

For Govt. revenue : 

Agriculture is the biggest source of national income for governments in most countries. Until the recent past, many countries relied on agricultural exports to keep up economic growth.

If there are no rains, it would affect their economy a lot due to low agriculture yield. This indicates the extent of revenue contribution by agriculture.

Many nations do not levy taxes on farmers income. But, the governments derive enough revenue in the form of taxes. These are in the form of land taxes, import & export duties. Further, income tax on middlemen involved in the sale of farm products derives much revenue. When surplus, the governments also store the agricultural products. These are exported for high prices when there is demand in the international market. Hence, governments invest in economic agriculture plans. The aim is to cut input costs by natural farming methods and derive more profits.

Quaternary Economic Activity

                        Quaternary Economic Activities 

The quaternary sector of any city is a way to describe a knowledge-based part of the economy, which typically includes knowledge-oriented economic sectors such as information technology, media, research and development; information-based services such as information-generation and information-sharing; and knowledge . 

Services of quaternary sector : 

                                    The quaternary sector is based on pure knowledge and skill of a person. ... It consists of intellectual industries providing information services, such as computing and ICT (information and communication technologies), consultancy (offering advice to businesses) and R&D (research, particularly in scientific fields).

Examples of quaternary industry or sector

Some industries in the quaternary sector are consultancy, financial planning, designing, information technologies, research and development (R&D) and generation of information.

        

 

Tertiary Economic Activities

                                 Tertiary Economic Activities

The tertiary sector of the economy is also known as the service industry. ... Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, health care, and law.

Influence : 

CLASSIFICATION ......

      

Importance : 

            The tertiary sector is responsible to distribute its services and goods to different consumers. Answer: tertiary factors help in development of primary and secondary sector. tertiary sector distribute the consumers good to different supplies.

Secondary Economic Activities

                    Secondary Economic activities 

      

  

                                              

Secondary economic activities involve the processing of raw materials (primary products). Examples would include turning timber into furniture and turning iron-ore into steel. Any factory can be seen as a system involving inputs (e.g. timber) processes (e.g. cabinet making) and outputs (e.g. tables and chairs).

Importance of secondary economic activites : 

Secondary Sector is the most important sector of an economy. According to economic theory, countries dependent on agriculture and allied activities ie primary sector, grow slowly and remain under-developed or developing economies. The export the raw material to the rest of the world.

Primary Economic Activities

                        Primary Economic Activities 

The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth, such as raw materials and basic foods. Activities associated with primary economic activity include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying.

                                               

classification of primary economic activities : 

Primary activities are directly dependent on environment as these refer to utilisation of earth's resources such as land, water, vegetation, building materials and minerals. It, thus includes, hunting and gathering, pastoral activities, fishing, forestry, agriculture, and mining and quarrying.