Rocks

                                                                 Rocks 


.   >    A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is                   categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed.               Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and                         sedimentary rocks.

             
                            

>    Types of Rocks 
                   
    
    Basically there are 3 types of rocks ...

    1 Igneous Rocks 
   
    2  sedimentary Rocks 

    3 Metamorphic Rocks 


>    Igneous Rocks :
                                              
                                                Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. 

                                                

> Sedimentary Rocks :

                  

                Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.











 Types of sedimentary rocks 

                                                      

 Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three   basic types of sedimentary rocks. Clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia,   conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale are formed from mechanical weathering   debris.

                                        
                         

                                                  



>Metamorphic Rocks : 
  
                                          
                                             
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat and pressure, causing profound physical or chemical change. The protolith may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. 

                                     

                      




>Rock Cycle : 

                           
The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is altered when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions.

                         






                                    




     this is diagram of rock cycle there's also a easy diagram also ................


              
                          

   

Migration

                                  Migration also called Human Mobility 

             Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily at a new location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally. 

                            


  > Types of Migration : 
                                                                             
                                                                                                    
     Basically there are 4 main types of migration ...
      
 1       Rural  to rural
          
 2        Rural  to urban 

 3       Urban to urban 

 4       Urban to Rural
           


 > Further types are in the helping flowchart 


 







>Causes of Migration 
     
       1 Pull Factors 

       2 Push factors or Forced 
     
       & these factors are following  ..............

     
        Causes of Migration
Employment opportunities are the most common reason due to which people migrate. Except this, lack of opportunities, better education, construction of dams, globalization, natural disaster (flood and drought) and sometimes crop failure forced villagers to migrate to cities .

 1. Pull factors are the reasons why people are attracted or pulled to a particular area. They are usually voluntary migrations: better services. good climate.
...
 2. They are usually involuntary or forced migrations:

• crop failure.
• drought.
• flooding.
• high crime.
• lack of services.
• lack of safety.
• poverty.
• war.

                                   







> Effects of Migration 

Advantages	Disadvantages
A richer and more diverse culture	Increasing cost of services such as health care and education
Helps to reduce any labour shortages	Overcrowding
Migrants are more prepared to take on low paid, low skilled jobs	Disagreements between different religions and cultures

pollution

     What is pollution ? 
         
       Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants..


                                       

 Types of Pollution : 

              

Air pollution, soil contamination, water pollution, littering, etc., are the different types of pollution.
...
Below are explanations of the 10 types of pollution.

• Radioactive Contamination 
• Water Pollution 
• Visual Pollution 
• Thermal Pollution 
• Plastic Pollution .
• Noise Pollution 
• Light Pollution 
• Air Pollution 

                                                   

                              

  

Air pollution 

                         

                       

Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants like toxic gases, biological molecules, and particulate matter into the atmosphere. The pollutants can be derived from several sources, including both natural processes and human activity. Volcanic eruptions, limnic eruptions, automobile, and industrial effluents, etc., are some examples of air pollution sources. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, aerosol sprays, etc., are some examples of air pollutants. Such pollution can be highly detrimental to the health and well-being of all life forms on earth.

Light pollution 

The pollution of the night environment by anthropogenic light is known as light pollution . This type of pollution is caused by an excessive lighting of the streets, flood lights used in stadiums, lights used in an industrial area, etc. The negative effect of light pollution  include the spoilage of the aesthetic environment of a place, creating disturbances in the ecosystem, and also harming the health of living creatures. 

Noise pollution 

When the environment is filled with unnecessary or unpleasant sounds that are harmful to animals and plants, it is called noise pollution .Transport vehicles, machinery, industries, loud music, people yelling, etc., are some of the most common sources of noise pollution. This type of pollution on the long term  can give rise to chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases. The psychological health of people can also be affected by noise.

Plastic pollution 

 

                   he name suggests, plastic pollution  is caused by plastic accumulation in the environment. Plastic, a non-biodegradable substance, is extremely harmful to all life on earth. Every year, thousands of animals lose their lives due to plastic pollution. Ingestion of plastics or entanglement in plastic objects kill these animals. Most of the plastic waste generated in the world end up in the oceans where they cause great harm to the marine ecosystem.

Thermal pollution 

                           

an  induced change in the temperature of large volumes of water causes thermal pollution. This type of pollution leads to the degradation of water quality as the warm water does not provide ideal living conditions for aquatic flora and fauna. For example, when water used as a coolant in power plants or that used in industries is released into a natural water body, the warm or hot water mixes with the rest of the water to raise the overall temperature of the aquatic ecosystem. Higher temperatures also alter the composition of dissolved elements in water. The flora and fauna living in the area that was earlier adapted to a particular temperature range can be killed by this abrupt change in the water temperature. Thus, aquatic life experiences a thermal shock due to thermal pollution.

Visual pollution 

                                   

                           

 everyone loves to see clean and green spaces and beautiful vistas. When human activity installs ugly barriers to this vision of open and clutter-free landscapes, it is called visual pollution .The installation of billboards, open storage of trash, networks of electric wires crisscrossing each other above the street, etc., create visual pollution. This type of pollution generates distraction, eye fatigues, diversity in opinions, and other psychological problems.

Water pollution 

 

In simple terms, the contamination of water bodies likes lakes, rivers, ponds, aquifers , etc., by pollutants is called water pollution. Like air pollution, water pollution is one of the most harmful types of pollution. It can have extremely disastrous consequences for all living beings using the contaminated water. A major volume of the all the pollutants produced on land end up in water bodies. Toxic wastes released by industries, pathogens released in sewage, harmful chemicals present in agricultural runoffs, etc., are some of the  top pollutants .  The contamination of water can lead to epidemics and even pandemics that can wipe out the population of an entire species or even more than one species. Thus, water pollution has a highly adverse impact on the environment, society, and economy of a place.

                                   Environment is too much effected by pollution and all these are negative.